The :gpu image shipped CUDA 13.3, but the target GPU nodes' NVIDIA 580 driver
supports at most CUDA 13.0: a newer toolkit builds (nvcc needs no GPU) but every
kernel launch then panics at runtime with "the provided PTX was compiled with an
unsupported toolchain. (222)". Pin CUDA_VERSION=13-0 (Dockerfile default +
build-images.sh fallback) and add a note in the README's "Choosing CUDA_VERSION"
section on the driver-caps-toolkit constraint: CUDA is backward- not
forward-compatible, so keep CUDA_VERSION <= the driver's max (nvidia-smi shows it);
NVCC_APPEND_FLAGS=-arch=sm_86 builds SASS ahead-of-time as an escape hatch when a
newer toolkit must run against an older driver.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>